The current debate about the two, almost identical, works by Anthony van Dyck is fortuitous; it comes exactly at the time when I'm teaching classes on the Northern baroque, specifically in 17th century Antwerp. So, I'm able to combine work with a blog post, and it's high time I did another post.
The Rotterdam panel was once owned by Rubens, which implies that Van Dyck modified Ruben's design to fit his own ideas. Questions of connoisseurship and attribution aside, the panels invite speculation on the relationship between two of the greatest artists that the 17th century produced.
Anthony van Dyck probably first met Rubens in 1615, the year that Rubens supposedly painted a portrait of the younger artist. If it is by Rubens, the portrait seems an attempt to check the stylistic exuberance demonstrated in Van Dyck's memorable Self-Portrait of 1613-14. In that striking image, Van Dyck looks back over his shoulder at the spectator; the effect is ambivalent, half innocence and half calculation, the latter borne out by his stare which is unflinching for such an apprentice. For apprenticed he was- not to Rubens, but to the mediocre Hendrik van Balen- a situation to be improved when Van Dyck officially became a pupil of Rubens in 1617. Rubens himself never took on young pupils preferring elder, accomplished artists, his reason being that younger painters should train with another master before entering his workshop. Perhaps this controlling tendency lies behind his portrait of Van Dyck, which whilist retaining something of the "romanticism" of Van Dyck's own, re-models his image. Gone are the tendrils of hair falling down over the younger artist's forehead; instead they are eclipsed by the shadow above the eyes.
Although Van Dyck seems to have joined Rubens's workshop around 1616-17, the employment situation was far from simple. The younger artist may have kept his own workshop, whilist also working in Rubens's, an odd, and illegal state of affairs since Van Dyck was going against the rules of the Antwerp Guild. Rubens seems to have turned a blind eye to this, not out of affection for his problematic pupil, but because Van Dyck was the greatest painter, after the master, in the entire workshop. Yet the two semi-identical panels suggest a dynamic between the two studios. The Stockholm panel is thought to be a copy, possibly based on the Rotterdam version which may have been used as a model. But did the Rotterdam version- owned by Rubens- come from his studio initially, or were the two panels conceived by Van Dyck in his own studio?
That- and other connoisseurship issues- may be resolved by the large Van Dyck exhibition being planned for the Prado in 2012, but the relationship between Rubens and Van Dyck still fascinates with its narrative of intergenerational tensions, multiple studio operations and competitive rivalry. Consulting a catalogue of the Van Dyke exhibition of 1999, I find mention of even possible envy on Rubens's part towards a genius 22 years his junior, rapidly catching up with the elder artist, even surpassing him in one genre- portraiture. According to this source, it was the 17th century critic and biographer Bellori, who said that Rubens would only cede to Van Dyck in the field of portraiture, and no other. This may be why portraiture is emphasized in the allegorical headpiece to Bellori's Life of Anthony van Dyck. This figure- a woman holding up a mirror whilst trampling the ape of nature- representing "Judicious Imitation" explains why – as Claire Pace and Janice Bell explain in a wonderful essay on Bellori's allegories- Van Dyck whilist tied to his model as a portraitist, nevertheless was selective and judicious enough to supplant its limitations and put portraits on a level almost with history painting.
So much for Van Dyck in the abstract, but his early life in Antwerp was firmly down to earth with family squabbles, bankruptcy and acrimonious law suits. Van Dyck's genius was born of painful necessity, which takes the shine off the myth of the aristocratic artist fashioning courtly pictures for jaded and decadent elites. Van Dyck's financial embarrassment and its consequences may well have instilled in him that competitive and determined nature that gave him the confidence to go up against one of the greatest of baroque masters.
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Barrington- I think I know someone who might be able to help. Before I approach them, could you e.mail me at david.packwood@tiscali.co.uk with your e.mail address, so that I can pass them on to the Van Dyck expert.
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