The Flight into Egypt.
Oil on Canvas, 95 x 127.5 cm, possibly 1629-30.
WORCESTER, (Massachusetts), Art Museum.
Provenance.
First recorded in 1825, in the collection of the Reverend Heneage Finch, probably in England; after Heneage’s death in 1865, passed by descent to Col. J. C. Wynne- Finch; sold at Sotheby’s, London 4/7/1956, lot. 142; bt. Armitage; anon. sale, Sotheby, London, 20/11/1957, lot. 111, bt. by the Vermeer scholar Lawrence Gowing; subsequently acq by the museum- date unknown, but presumably after the owner’s death in 1991.
Related Works.
Drawings
Copy, unknown artist. Private Collection, Paris, pen
in brown on yellow washed paper, 145 x 170 mm. This drawing was considered by
Friedlaender and Blunt to be a copy of the preparatory drawing for the
Worcester Flight. It was subsequently reproduced in Blunt’s monograph,
and then exhibited as a copy by Oberhuber at Fort Worth in 1988 (D 162). In
1966, Blunt stated that the style was “in the manner that [Poussin] used in
about the years 1626-28”. In actual fact the crudity of this drawing (commas
for eyes, bold schematic outlines for the contours of the figures) corresponds
more to the earlier Marino drawings when Poussin was finding his feet as a
draughtsman back in 1625-6. Stephen Conrad tells me that Prat and Rosenberg in their 1994 CR of the drawings ( R 976) relate "the drawing to a painting accepted by Blunt but justly rejected by Thuillier and Rosenberg,
as its style forbids its retention in the corpus." Needless to say I don't agree with this rejection., nor does SC. See Stephen's full comments below on this issue with particular reference to Mahon's thought on the baroque in Poussin..
Copy, Michel Corneille II (1642-1708), Paris, Museé du Louvre, brown ink, brown wash, traces of chalk, 145 x 181 m.
Oberhuber reported that Rosenberg knew of this drawing, which by the miracle of technology you can visit virtually here. Given the closeness of this drawing to the more well-known one, it’s to be wondered if Corneille was also copying a compositional drawing. If this is true, then it may offer clues about Poussin’s original intentions. In both drawings, the buildings and edifices are eliminated, with only large trees behind the main group. The Holy Family moves through countryside instead of leaving what looks like the outskirts of a hamlet in the painting. Was this Poussin’s first thought for the painting, and the walls were added in the final version, possibly inspired by the Nancy Christ Entering Jerusalem which as Blunt noted has similar buildings? The most significant omission in both of these drawings is the two angels hovering above the fleeing family. It is probably the case that if the original drawing surfaced, we would find little difference between it and these two sheets, which suggests that the picture was initially conceived without the iconographical complexity of the final picture. It seems to be the case that we’re dealing with copies after Poussin’s original drawings for the Worcester canvas. It would be interesting to see what Rosenberg and Prat have to say about the Corneille copy, especially as Rosenberg believed that the Flight was a pastiche.
Copy, attributed to Sébastien Bourdon, in Sotheby sale of 21 March 1988. Thanks again to SC. for this information.
Engravings.
None known.
Description and Iconography.
Christ and his parents, Mary and Joseph, flee to
Egypt to escape the persecution of Herod. In this painting, no less than four
angels are shown: one large winged one who walks before the donkey bearing Mary
and Christ; two conversing with each other that fly above the first; and a
putto with small wings who hovers around the Madonna’s head. The first who
spurs the Holy Family away from the danger that Joseph seems to be gazing back
at may be the angel who warned Joseph of the wrath of Herod, whilst the other
airborne angels partly shrouded in cloud could represent the other two dreams
that Joseph received: one to announce Mary’s virginity; the other to proclaim
the Holy Family’s return from Egypt, although that interpretation wouldn’t have
an exact fit here. I think that we can be more confident about the small putto
who flies behind the head of the Virgin Mary; this figure surely symbolises the
Holy Innocents from whose slaughter Joseph and his family are fleeing. As the
infants were the very first martyrs to die for Christ, and Mary represented
Ecclesia, the Church, it is fitting that this putto should accompany the
Virgin, and give the impression that it is about to crown her as Ecclesia, for
whom it has died. Note also that the infant wears a crown of flowers and
ancient writers like Prudentius compared their massacre to petals in a storm.
It may also be significant that the Worcester Flight into Egypt shows ambivalence on the compositional level: Joseph, Mary and the leading angel glance back, a check to their rightward advance. By introducing this collective backward glance, both a compositional and psychological counter-movement, the spectator is immediately reminded of the threat from which the Holy Family are fleeing. Indeed, it would not be difficult to imagine a painting of the massacre of the innocents hanging on the left next to this version of the Worcester Flight into Egypt. Yet, perhaps to think in terms of pendants for the massacre and the flight in the seventeenth-century is misleading because study of these two subjects in this period suggests that there was an increasing tendency for the two themes to overlap, with the result that each theme became embedded within the other, thus eradicating the need to cross-reference between the two subjects on separate canvases.
Technical Notes and Connoisseurship Issues.
(a) Stylistic Analysis.
This picture was examined by PCP a long time ago, in 2007, in the Worcester museum. My recollection is that the picture did seem to be summarily painted, i.e. painted sketchily, and that it may be unfinished. The notion of summary execution of this painting first appeared in Badt in 1969, who remarked on the Flight’s unfinished quality. Mining the same strand, Konrad Oberhuber in his Fort Worth exhibition of 1988, advanced the view that Poussin had deliberately painted the picture in this hurried way to emphasise the speed of the Holy Family fleeing across the picture.
“It was painted at the time of the Vièrge au pilier in a manner so free and sketchy that it is generally regarded as unfinished. Yet we wonder wether Poussin had a special purpose in mind here, that of describing speed. The composition is built up from the horizon line of the forward-moving donkey and the oblique parallels formed by the bending bodies of angel, Virgin, and St Joseph striding and riding at their quickest. Draperies float along and support their movement, and their faces are turned back in concern, letting us experience the danger from which they escape and their need for haste. As they lightly pass by in bright and flashing colours, receding into space ever so slightly, we know that in spite of the humble setting the event is a matter of the highest importance.”
This is an ingenious suggestion, but there is no way
of proving Oberhuber’s hypothesis, Are we dealing here with a pastiche, a
thought that Rosenberg entertained in 1982, or was this picture
uncharacteristically rushed by a painter who is noted for his meticulous,
plodding style? There are some worrying
aspects; the doll-like, un-modelled face of the Madonna. Compare it with the
fully realized classical profile of the Virgin in the St Catherine,
examined in the previous entry, and very close stylistically to the Worcester
canvas. During my inspection of the picture in 2007 another scholar who joined
me expressed doubts about the attribution, though mercifully he refrained from
assigning it to Mellin, the pis aller
of Poussin connoisseurship, as noted in last post.
Perhaps the problem of the sketchy style can be explained in terms of the paragone, a hangover from the renaissance where the merits of painting were compared with sculpture. My train of thought owes much to the late Sir Denis Mahon who inspected the picture when it was shown in Blunt’s 1960 exhibition in the Louvre.
“In the next stage (which would be during 1627) we find Poussin veering more definitely towards a baroque point of view in which Colore predominates over Disegno. But he has not yet grasped the full possibilities of baroque composition. Professor Gowing’s Flight into Egypt (E 10) is organised more or less in one plane like a bas relief, but in every other respect is committed to Colore.”
I tend to agree with Mahon about the dialogue
between colour and the more sculptural aspects of this picture, although his
dating seems three or four years too early for me- see below. With its strict
articulation of figures, and the confinement of the figures to one plane,
Poussin does successfully produce painted relief, something he did in a work
from the same period- the Return from the Flight into Egypt (Cleveland),
although this work inclines more towards the baroque with its swirling clouds
of angels and dramatic cross in the sky. Yet colour is pronounced in the
Worcester picture: blue and vermilion for the Madonna; scintillating golden
yellow for the garment of the leading angel. Perhaps the “hurried” look of the
picture owes something to a trade-off between sculptural painting and the colore that Poussin learnt from the
Venetians, either from their paintings in Rome, or painters in that city- like
Lanfranco- who favoured this open brush style.
(b) Dating.
The earliest date suggested for this painting was 1627, by Blunt and Mahon. In the case of Blunt, this dating partly rested on the style of the “compositional drawing” known from copies whose artistic character was consistent with Poussin’s early period, as he noted in his catalogue of drawings prepared with Friedlaender. However, the crudities of the drawing- assuming that the two drawings faithfully render them, which seems likely as they are both very similar, are not present in the final painting. Possibly the drawing problem could be resolved if we agreed that Poussin left the original composition alone and returned to it two or three years later when he came to work on the Worcester painting. There is also the possibility that another preparatory sheet did exist for the painting with a more sophisticated manner of drawing than the one known through copies.
Mahon approached the problem of dating through
traditional connoisseurship, deducing date on the basis of a comparative
analysis between the Worcester painting and others, though he concurred with Blunt’s date of
1627. As noted by Blunt in 1960, the wall in the Worcester canvas resembles the
buildings found in the Christ Entering Jerusalem at Nancy, which as
noted above has the same colour scheme. We encounter a problem here though; the
Nancy painting is in a very bad condition which has led to doubts about the
attribution, with Mellin raising his head yet again. Christopher Wright
dismissed Mellin’s involvement and proposed a solution: Poussin abandoned the
picture half-completed. Given that the Worcester picture seems incomplete too;
could there have been some kind of crisis in Poussin’s workshop at the time
these pictures were painted? As for the Nancy de-attribution, it’s worth
pointing out that the motif of the putti holding the cross in the sky appears
again in uncontested works like the Dulwich Flight into Egypt and the
Cleveland Return of the Flight into Egypt. Blunt (1960) also observed that Saint Joseph in
the Massachusetts picture was painted after the same model for a figure in the Louvre
Virgin of the Pillar.
I would
also add that the turn of the head of the acolyte with his hands clasped
together in the Virgin picture echoes the leading angel in the Flight;
they both have the same diagonal tilt of the head upwards. Given such close
figurative correspondences, I think it is reasonable to move the Worcester
painting up to at least 1629, the earliest date for the Louvre Virgin of the
Pillar. Supporting this date, it should also be noted that the Madonna in
the Flight is very similar to the one in the Mystic Marriage of St
Catherine (National Gallery of Scotland, Edinburgh c.1629) it can therefore
be assumed that the Worcester picture is almost contemporary with the both the
Edinburgh St Catherine and the Louvre Virgin of the Pillar. Finally,
though Wright wanted to move the Flight into the early 1630s, I think a
date close to the end of the decade is the better option.
Conclusion.
Despite the summary treatment of this picture, and taking into account the existence of copies which show a underdeveloped treatment of the subject, PCP proposes that we are dealing here with a genuine picture painted by Poussin about 1629-30. There are too many similarities between motifs in this picture and other works done at this time. I have never really understood claims for taking it away from Poussin; or indeed the Nancy picture, which it so closely resembles in colour and tone. Doubters should also acknowledge that the treatment of the Flight is thorougly original- and only a painter of Poussin's invention could have even begun to conceive such a picture that marries poised classical relief with painterly exuberance.
Attribution Views
Blunt, 1966 + (1627)
Wild, 1966 - (Charles Mellin).
Badt, 1969 + (summary style)
Blunt, 1974 +
Thuillier, 1974 - (though not by Mellin).
Wild, 1980 – (Charles Mellin).
Rosenberg, 1982, - (a pastiche?)
Wright, 1984, + (early 1630s).
PCP, 2007 + (1629-30, after viewing the picture; noted the summary style).
PCP, 2012 +, (1629-30).
Relevant Literature.
Catalogues
Anthony Blunt, Exposition Nicolas Poussin, (Museé du Louvre), 1960, no. 10.
Anthony Blunt, The Paintings of Nicolas Poussin: A Critical Catalogue, (London,1966), no. 60.
Walter Friedlaender and Anthony Blunt, The Drawings of Nicolas Poussin: Catalogue Raisonne, (5 vols), (London, 1937-75), Paris drawing, listed as copy after a compositional drawing, V, A169.
Konrad Oberhuber, Poussin: The Early Years in Rome, (Fort Worth, 1988), no. 73; no. D163 (Paris drawing, here listed as copy).
L.A. Prat and Pierre Rosenberg, Nicolas Poussin 1594-1665,Catalogue raisonné des dessins, , 2 vols, Milan, [1994), R 976.
Christopher Wright, Poussin Paintings: A Catalogue Raisonné, (London, 1984), no. 69.
Other Literature.
Kurt Badt, Die Kunst des Nicolas Poussin, (Cologne, 1969), 88..
Anthony Blunt, Nicolas Poussin, (Washington, 1967, rep, London, 1995), 75.
Denis Mahon, “Poussin’s Early Development: An Alternative Hypothesis,” The Burlington Magazine, Vol. 102, No. 688, 288-327.
David Packwood, unpublished PhD dissertation, Theological and Philosophical Themes in Poussin’s Art, (University of Birmingham, 2005, 59-61.
Hi David
Happy New Year. Another interesting post about a Poussin that has been in the penumbra a long time.
At the Louvre show in 1960, Blunt accepted both the painting (Cat. 10; c.1627-8) and the drawing (Cat. 128). In their catalogue of drawings Rosenberg and Prat remark that the drawing (R.976) relates to a painting accepted by Blunt but justly rejected by Thuillier and Rosenberg, as its style forbids its retention in the corpus. The Corneille version is mentioned, and another in a Sotheby sale of 21 March 1988, attributed to Sébastien Bourdon. What makes your post most interesting to me is your comment on the baroque nature of the composition, and this was an important point made by Mahon again in a show at Dulwich in 1995, curated by Mahon, called 'Early Poussin Reconsidered' for which there was a folding photocopied leaflet, where he compared the Cleveland Return to Nazareth with the similarly baroque compositions of the Agony in the Garden in a Private Collection, published by Timothy Standring in the Burlington Magazine in 1985 and exhibited for the first time at this little Dulwich show (the Barberini variant, of which Blunt owned a copy, was unavailable for exhibition, but the baroque feel of that painting is noted again, as in Poussin's works from 1627). Here Mahon noted the 'striking combination of saturated colours' of these works, and points to the Germanicus in Minneapolis which was delivered at the start of 1628 as a similarly coloured painting. Mahon had no space to discuss the dynamism of the compositions in detail in his handout, but in the 2010 Lyon catalogue of the acquisition show on the much-argued-over 1657 Flight into Egypt (ex-Pardo) Sylvain Laveissière draws attention to the baroque nature of the Worcester picture, the sense of movement to the right, re-echoed in the 1657 version, and the similar compositional feeling of a bas-relief it gives (p.112-123). Mahon may not have believed the Lyon picture to have been Serisier's, backing Barbara Johnson's version that has pentimenti and details not found in the impressive but somewhat less intense Lyon version - he published it in a Monaco 1997 catalogue-dossier, pointing out its stylistically like the Hermitage Rest on the Flight painted the same year for Madame de Montmort and with similar handling of the paint surface (I was actually present at the RA show in 1995 when the two works were brought together and had to agree with him) - but ultimately it is the echoes of the earlier Worcester composition that Poussin revisits in whichever of the 1657 versions is accepted that is the point here, and it is hard to believe that Rosenberg, Thuillier and others could have doubted the Worcester picture.
Posted by: Stephen Conrad | 01/11/2013 at 09:55 PM
Many thanks Stephen for the P/R references, and the insights on the Flight. I've incorporated them into an update of the entry.
I don't understand P and R', and other French scholars rejection of this picture. Is this a French thing, though my unnamed doubting professor at Worcester was Italian, so maybe not.
The evolution of the Flight subject within Poussin's oeuvre is a mighty subject in itself, which I've partly covered in my thesis. I will eventually get around to the later 1657 one, including SL's linking of the picture with the Worcester one. I didn't know about that.
I don't know much about the little Dulwich show, though I know Mahon's catalouge of 1999 on NP's early years in Rome. The Cleveland Flight was in it (no. 15) but I don't think Mahon connected it with the Worcester version, just the Dulwich one. I'm not sure if I should read anything into this though.
Thanks again,
David
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